The Body And Effects From Massage Physical Education Essay

The Body And Effects From Massage Physical Education Essay Massage and joint movement increases blood supply to bones, this helps nutrition to flow, feeding growing bones. The increased blood flow helps get rid of waste matter. Massage improves posture.  Brings good body tone and balance, reducing stress on joints and bones.  Posture will improve when the muscles are relaxed and lengthened. Poor posture impacts on the other systems of the body. For example sitting slouched with drooped shoulders and tight pectorals in a slumped posture will stop the lungs from fully expanding. Massage can improve mobility.  If a person had stiffness and restricted mobility within their joints, massaging with passive movements can ease the joints improving their range of movement. This is caused by the warming up of the synovial fluid within the joint making it more fluid. Movement causes a release of fresh synovial fluid into the joint, lubricating a dry joint. A dry joint will cause friction and pain. Also any thickening of the connective tissue may b e reduced helping to release restrictions in the joint. It helps to loosen adhesions, improve scar tissue and reduce inflammation, helping to improve mobility to stiff joints. Massage reduces physical stress placed on bones and joints which improves muscle tone and balance.   Due to increased lymphatic and blood flow stimulated by massage red blood cells are released from bone marrow, which improves overall health and energy as they carry oxygen through the body. Muscular System There are three types of muscle in the body. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that work with the connective tissues to allow movement in the body. When we want to move our brain sends impulses to the muscles to make them move. Cardiac muscles form most of the hearts wall. They are called the myocardium and are involuntary muscles. They contract to make our heartbeat. Visceral muscles are also involuntary. These muscles are smooth and form the walls of the viscera. Visceral muscles are those that help move food along in the digestive tract, veins and arteries as well as the tubular structures of the urinary tract. Massage increases the supply of blood and nutrients to muscles, restores tone and strength to muscles. It helps get rid of muscle adhesions due to illness or injury. It increases flexibility and strength in joints. Due to overuse muscles can stay contracted causing imbalance in the body. Tight muscles can constrict blood flow and will pull posture out of alignment. These problems can be corrected through massage by stretching and relaxing the muscle we increase flexability and encourage the muscle to return to its original length. When muscles work, they burn oxygen and glucose and produce lactic acid. A build up of lactic acid in the muscles will cause cramps and muscle soreness. Massage will remove the lactic acid and other waste products from the muscles relieving pain from that area. It will help reduce the formation of adhesions that occur due to overuse and general wear and tear, microscopic tears occur in the muscle fibres. If not treated these will be replaced by inelastic, s car tissue. We can adapt our massage moves to work into muscles to reduce their formation. Massage will improve muscle tone.  Ã‚  Healthy muscles constantly contract and relax. Massage can improve the tone of the muscles of the inactive, bed ridden or paralyzed as they will have poor or no muscle tone. Massage relieves muscle cramps, increases flexibility and tone, reduce waste products within the muscle. Massaging the muscle with care during a cramp can help to reduce the duration of it. Effects on the Cardiovascular System Massage can improve circulation by assisting the flow of blood back to the heart. It helps dilate blood vessels helping them to work better. It improves blood flow through the veins by bringing fresh oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing waste products, toxins and carbon dioxide. It can temporarily lower blood pressure, due to dilation of capillaries. It can decrease the heart rate due to relaxation. It helps to reduce ischaemia which is a reduced in flow of blood to body parts, often painful with tissue dysfunction. It improves the return of blood in the veins.  Ã‚  Blood has to continually works hard against gravity to return from feet back to the heart. We massage towards the heart to help the return of blood through the veins. (blood carried in the veins).  Massaging lowers blood pressure and has two positive effects on blood pressure, it will help the client relax and their heart rate decreases. Blood pressure is the pressure put on the artery wall each time blood passes through the artery. Massage slows the heart with fewer beats per minute reducing blood pressure. Respiratory System The respiratory system is comprised of the lungs and the passages that lead to and from them. This system begins at the nostrils and end at the lungs. It is in the lungs that oxygen from the outside meets the blood via the thin tissues in the lungs. Massage deepens breathing improving lung capacity by relaxing any tightness in the respiratory muscles. Massage on the body encourages deep breathing which increases lung capacity and increases our ability to take in more air. It improves breathing patterns, helping us to relax. Through deeper breathing we help to eliminate carbon dioxide, allowing increased oxygen to all body tissues. Massage can have soothing effects and aids in relief of many, long-term respiratory disease, such as asthma and bronchitis. On long term conditions like cystic fibrosis daily massage plays a vital role as it dislodges and expels mucus from the body keeping the airways clear. Breathing is slowed down as there is reduced stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.  Ã‚  When people are stressed they breathe rapidly and shallowly, not inhaling enough oxygen and not exhaling enough carbon dioxide. This means our blood is being deprived of oxygen to take throughout our body. Massage stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system which slows and deepens breathing. Massage improves posture which will also make breathing deeper. Massage stimulates the intercostal muscles which are attached to the ribs when contracted these muscles pull on the ribs, which expand the lungs to cause inspiration, improving the condition and tone of these muscles. Massage improves the exchange of gases in the body.  Throughout the body, there is an exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide. This will be stimulated by massage. Effects on the Lymphatic System Excess fluid in the tissue is reduced during massage by increased lymphatic drainage and removal of waste from the system. Regular massage will increase white blood cells which may help to strengthen the immune system. In massage we drain lymph from the cells to the lymph nodes, this improves the circulation of lymph and the removal of toxins from the cells. Effects on the Urinary System The urinary system is mainly comprised of the kidneys, bladder and the urethra. It filters out toxins and certain waste products that the blood has taken from the cells. Massaging the kidneys can cleanse the blood and strengthens the urinary system. It speeds up the production of waste through the lungs, skin, blood and bowels. Due to increased circulation and lymph drainage from the tissues during massage we produce more urine that usual. Conclusion Massaging the body has a knock-on effect throughout all the systems of the body, bringing balance to the body, where it can repair and renew within the systems. Massage effects the body through manipulation of soft tissues with pressure and movement resulting in mechanical responses throughout the body. The nerves responding to stimulation causing reflex responses. By relaxing both body and mind, reducing anxiety/stress and making a person feel better, boosts self-esteem, positive thinking and improves body image and awareness leading to the client taking better care of their general health. There are different types of massage and these can be adapted to suit the specific needs of a persons health or well being. It can benefit all age groups and is now available in most beauty salons at a reasonable price.

Goals and Objectives Essay

â€Å"We owe our children, the most vulnerable citizens in any society, a life free from violence and fear.† â€Å"We would like to create a world familiar with the smiles of children rather than their tears.† â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.† — Nelson Mandela The Children’s Defense Fund â€Å"Leave No Child Behind’s† originated in 1973 and is a private, nonprofit organization that is funded, and supported by many different sources such as, donations by individuals, corporations, foundations, and corporate grants. The CDF’s goals and objectives is to make sure that all children, no matter what their race, religion, financial status, and so on, has the opportunity for a fair, healthy, safe, and moral head start in their lives. This will also allow each child to have a successful approach into adulthood by having the help of loving and caring families, organizations, and with the h elp from their communities as well. The Children’s Defense Fund provides for all children of America a independent, strong, and effective voice for those children who are not able to speak, vote, or lobby for themselves. The CDF provides specific attention to our children and families who are not financial sound (poor), our children of minority groups, and our children with disabilities. This organization provides education throughout the nation on the needs of all children, and encourages different measures of prevention before our children get sick, find themselves in trouble, drop out of school, or end up with the breakdown of their families. The objectives of the â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act† consists of closing the gap between children and their achievements, especially when it comes to successful achievements academically. The federal government plays a huge and critical role in achieving all goals. The CDF endorses the accountability system that will helps guarantee that all children, which inclu des children from low-income  households, children of a different race or ethnicity, children with disabilities, and those who lack proficiency in the English language, are given the tools, skills, education, and knowledge so that they will be able to be successful members of society. While there are numerous positions that differ on the many different aspects of the law that is based on issues that have been raised throughout the development of the NCLB. There are constructive and significant corrections to be made in order for the Act to be effective and fair. â€Å"Among these concerns are: over-emphasizing standardized testing, narrowing curriculum and instruction to focus on test preparation rather than richer academic learning; over-identifying schools in need of improvement; using sanctions that do not help improve schools; inappropriately excluding low-scoring children in order to boost test results; and inadequate funding,† (Amanire, 2004). All in all, it is important that the laws need to put more emphasis on taking action, and placing our localities and states accountable for the lack of high test scores, as well as making the necessary changes systematically, that will help increase the achievements of our students. The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† according to William J. Mathis (2003), â€Å"is the manifestation of a society that has lost its sense of community and purpose. Instead of passively complying with a law that further alienates individuals from their society, we must refocus our laws to include the societal and democratic purposes of education†(Mathis, W.J., 2003). It is important that we remind everyone that one of the most important purposes of school and education is to help develop and mold our children into becoming a generation of citizens that practice respectful civic virtues, as well as become a generation who cares and supports the needs of one another, along with helping others when it comes to the health of our towns, communities, cities, states, our nation, and the world in general. This will require the realization that our hope for the future will depend on the unlimited abundance of skills, tools, knowledge, and intelligence lies within our children. It is our responsibility to educate and train our children so that they will be a generation of individuals who will grow, and develop into responsible individuals who will take better care of our world and make it a better place. References Amanire, (2004), Joint Organizational Statement on No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act New America Foundation, (2014), Federal Education Budget Project; No Child Left Behind Overview: http://febp.newamerica.net/background-analysis/no-child-left-behind-overview Short, Kathleen. 2013. â€Å"The Research Supplemental Poverty Measure: 2012† U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Table 5a, http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p60-247.pdf. Calculations by the Children’s Defense Fund. William J. Mathis, â€Å"No Child Left Behind: Costs and Benefits,† Phi Delta Kappan 84:9, May 2003: 679–687

The 30-Second Trick for Help Me Write My Term Paper

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The Middle East Conflict - 1125 Words

The Middle East Conflict Wynell Henry University of Phoenix Com 156 November 24, 2013 The real differences around the world today are not between Jews and Arabs; Protestants and Catholics; Muslims, Croats, and Serbs. The real differences are between those who embrace peace and those who would destroy it; between those who look to the future and those who cling to the past; between those who open their arms and those who are determined to clench their fists (William J. Clinton, 2013). Even though people who live in Palestine/Turkey/Syria area between1988 - 2013 have been in a state of war, peace will soon come. The Middle East is at constant war, peace will not come soon enough if rules don’t apply to self-government.†¦show more content†¦In the year 1947-1949 a war included five Arab armies was outnumbered by Zionists forces. The war was fought on Palestine land and this is when the Arabs enter the conflict after the Zionist committed 33 massacre. The Arab forces joined together and took over seventy-eight percent of Palestine’s land; Palestine was not considered being a part of the Map for many years. Eighteen years later Israel did a surprised attack and conquered twenty-two percent of their land in the sixth day war. This war was an attack on a Navy Ship, which was considered to be an act of war on the United States. The current conflict is trying to maintain an ethnically preferential state, especially when it is a large foreign origin. Turkey has a peninsula piece of land that belongs to Syria and has possession of it to this day. The other current conflict is the water resources that Turkey started damming the rivers. Lastly Israel have military occupation that is confiscating privately owned land in the West Bank and control over Gaza, and the Palestinians are having lesser control over their lives. Based on the Olso peace accords the territory was supposed to become a part of the Palestinian state, but it keeps getting worse due to the confiscation of land. However, the peace is not about the apartheid toward Palestine, the PalestiniansShow MoreRelatedThe Middle East Conflict1598 Words   |  7 PagesBy the year 1948, there was a massive amount of tension that had built-up in the Middle-East. This tension had in fact originated 19 centuries earlier, and had started due to the differences in both religion and nationalism between the Jews and Arabs. After the Romans gained control of Judea, this caused the diaspora of Jews to all the parts of the world. Eventually, the majority of Jews did return back to the region, after the official establishment of the state of Israel, and this led to the Arab-IsraelRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Middle East1237 Words   |  5 PagesMany things have occurred throughout history which have impacted the instability in the middle east. World War One, and all of the treaties, alliances, and declarations that came about due to that have affected todays time and the decisions the United States Military makes regarding the issues of the middle east. America has learned a lot from the past, and this has ultimately benefited them in the end. The United States is more able to make educated decisions now because of all the past occurrencesRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Middle East1773 Words   |  8 Pagescenturies, war in the Middle East has been on a rise. The main cause of war in most of these countries is religion. Everyone wants to fight for their religion and their Gods. The problem is in some religions such as Islamic, they believe when they kill they’re fighting for God, also they believe they will receive 100 virgins and go to heaven when they die. They are not the only religion fighting for their God, however, religions such as Judaism and others also fight. In the Middle East, if there is a warRead MoreConflict Of The Middle East2536 Words   |  11 PagesQuinn O’Leary 4/3/15 Conflict in the Middle East There has almost always been some kind of conflict in the Middle East, from modern conflicts with ISIS, to the long lasting conflicts over Jerusalem with the Palestinians and the Jews. Muslim world has always, in some shape or form, been very complicated. From the Fertile Crescent, to the war on terrorism, they have always played a part in history from good to bad. With only 21% of Muslims being extremist, why are they so powerful and not being overRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Middle East1595 Words   |  7 PagesThe Middle East as a whole is not viewed in a very bright light within the United States, and Iran is no exception. Many Americans view that Iran and it s people are full of hatred for the U.S. and that they all have the same ideology and hatred that their government has shown. What Americans don t know is that this is not the case. Many Iranians are oppressed and resent their government, though they won t outright say it for fear. There are Iranians who resent the U.S. as well, but those IraniansRead MoreMiddle East Conflict Essay859 Words   |  4 Pagesarea known as the Middle East since shifts in global power over the years have affected the topography. Now, however, the region can expansively be said to contain â€Å"the area from Libya E to Afghanistan, usually including Egypt, Sudan, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the other countries of the Arabian peninsula† (dictionary.com). This geographical definition can be said to contain both the ‘Near East’, ‘Middle East’, and even farther to the East and into AfricaRead MoreThe Palestinian Conflict Of The Middle East1654 Words   |  7 PagesIsraeli-Palestinian Conflict The creation of two sovereign states is the only possibility of a peaceful end to the conflict over historical Palestine in the Middle East. To achieve this, a third-party must offer enough incentive to both the Arabic and Jewish states and create a sovereign Palestinian state. This is not a very probable outcome, as the conflict is rooted in the peoples’ traditions and beliefs making it much harder to compromise. I predict this conflict will end in the overwhelmingRead MoreThe Syrian Conflict On The Middle East987 Words   |  4 PagesThe Syrian conflict began with the Arab Spring uprisings against President Bashar al-Assad in 2011 and quickly escalated into a civil war when Assad met peace with force. The Syrian Civil War has since transcended its internal objectives to become the arena for major international power struggles between countries, like Turkey, Iran, and the United States. On September 30, 2015, Russia entered the Syrian crisis on the side of Assad in oppositi on to the United States, who has been supporting the SunniRead MoreThe Syrian Conflict Of The Middle East1336 Words   |  6 Pagessmall in the Middle East being caused by the Western colonizers that colonized the Arab states in the 20th century. Now I defiantly don’t blame the British and French for all of our problems but indeed they are the root cause of some of the problems in the Middle East, and their meddling in the current affairs in the Middle East is adding on to the problems we have and causing new ones erupt. Out of all the problems in the Middle East the Syrian Conflict is one of the most brutal conflicts, thanks toRead MoreThe Middle East Conflict Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesThe Middle East Conflict The country previously known as Palestine but now as Israel has sparked major military and political confrontations between Arabs and Israelis during the 20th century in the Middle East. The area, which both groups of people claim is rightly their homeland is smaller then Britain, surrounded on the West by the Mediterranean Sea and on the other sides by neighbouring Arab countries. The Israelis believe it is rightly their homeland because

The Right Side Of Morality And Ethics - 1904 Words

Jay Leno once said, â€Å"If you think of life as like a big pie, you can try to hold the whole pie and kill yourself trying to keep it, or you can slice it up and give some to the people around you, and you still have plenty left for yourself.† Many industry leaders believe in innovation and technological advancements that will improve life and humanity on many different levels. More importantly those companies that do so, do it on the right side of morality and ethics and believe in the greater good. Unfortunately some big companies, such as those in the automotive industry, that have an influence in society wield their power with greed, with the sole purpose of maximizing profits. A perfect example of the greed that drives these companies happened most recently with German automobile manufacturer, Volkswagen, which installed a device that enable the on cars computer to essentially â€Å"lie† on emissions tests in order to pass. Automotive companies around the world o perate unethically and immorally in order to satisfy their greed. The following research that will be presented will prove that leaders in the automotive industry care only about their pockets and not about their products or consumers. Even though the modern automobile was perfected in France and Germany in the late 1800s, Americans overpowered the industry in the first half of the twentieth century. Henry Ford, innovator of the assembly line in mass production, standardized techniques such as this. With Ford, GeneralShow MoreRelatedThe Distinction Of Ethics And Morality1307 Words   |  6 PagesThe Distinction Of Ethics And Morality: The use of the words ethics and morality are often confused with each other especially these are commonly used in Philosophy and other related fields. This paper will discuss the distinction between these two concepts. According to Gammel (2007), the difference between the terms morality and ethics has a very thin line particularly in the daily language. Adding to this confusion is that other philosophical resources and materials use the terms interchangeablyRead MoreEssay on Utilitarian vs Nihilist1497 Words   |  6 Pagesmorals, which prove to be the subject of discussion for philosophers when they’re going over ethics. This differentiation is also what can be given credit for why good versus evil is so compelling, in media the line between good and evil is often blurred in some places, requiring the viewer to make their own judgement on the ethics of characters, their actions, and their motivations. Depending on the ethics of the viewer characters can be judged on differe nt criteria, for some it is only the intentionRead MoreReligion And Morality On The Hunt Of Finding The Author Of What We Know As Social Norms952 Words   |  4 PagesGod as Author of Morality There is always controversy around when we bring any topic related to religion to the table and it is not different when we talk about morality. This paper will explore the controversial side that plays religion and morality in the hunt of finding the author of what we know as social norms. In this philosophy paper, we will discuss the origin and evolution of the Divine Command Theory and we will analyze an objections against this theory cited by Plato (Atenas, 427 - 347Read MoreIs David Hume Or Immanuel Kant?1428 Words   |  6 Pagestheir ethical philosophies to determine which philosopher, if any, would be considered to be more virtuous. In order to answer this question, we must answer a few other simpler questions such as who these philosophers are, and what they deem to be morality. Much like any situation, sometimes answers lead to more questions, so I will attempt to continue answering smaller questions if they pertain to the understanding of the main virtue question. What is virtue and how does one obtain it? The definitionRead MoreShafer-Landau and Korsgaard 1283 Words   |  6 Pagesis morality, the thing that we are told to achieve. For many morality is doing what is good and doing good is moral. This roundabout answer may be satisfactory to some that only look at the surface of the issue, however once the digging begins the grad question of morality comes into question. While this question has been looked an infinite number of times without being universally solved certain patterns have been made in the conclusions great thinkers and scholars come to regarding morality. OneRead MoreLying to Patients and Ethical Relativism910 Words   |  4 PagesRelativism and Ethical Subjectivism Ethical Relativism - theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of ones culture. * a culture. i.e.: nobody should ever steal) Objective vs. Subjective (Telling right from wrong) Paternalism vs. Autonomy Paternalism – authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those lower than them Autonomy is a binomial 1) Enlightenment ethics – celebration of the individual’s reason, free will, self seat of values, 2)Read MoreEthic Essay651 Words   |  3 PagesUtilitarianism, and Deontological Ethics. Judith Glowinski ETH/316 - 4/16/2013 MARY CARTER 2 When comparing the similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontology we find that they all deal with how one judge’s morality and ethics. These theories all include judging in different aspects, whether it is in the moment, what happens after, or over a lifetime. The ethics and morality behind these theories all deal with what is right, or what is best for the presentRead MoreTheme Of Ethics In To Kill A Mockingbird918 Words   |  4 PagesMorality and ethics are two words that represent having a guilt-free conscience and doing something that you know is right; even if it means hurting and affecting relationships or another persons personal life. These days we are constantly being exploited to things such as murder, theft, harassment, and rape. These are all representations of dishonorable actions that occur for the sake of not having enough, or being wistful or just vengeful. This is clearly shown throughout To Kill A MockingbirdRead M oreThe Theory Of Moral Behavior1615 Words   |  7 PagesThe statement claims that no question can ever be neutral. This means that all questions are leading questions, that we always have a notion of the knowledge we find. The definition of ‘neutral’ in the English dictionary is: ‘not supporting either side in a conflict, disagreement: impartial’1. It means being detached and impersonal to situations, questions or judgements. Mathematics, as an area of knowledge is said to be a subject that already exists in the natural world, only that we discover itsRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics1468 Words   |  6 PagesIn Normative Ethics there are three distinct schools of thought, and each differentiate through moral intentions. Consequentialism relies on the consequences of an action in order to distinguish whether or not something is morally acceptable. Deontology considers the morality of an action by one’s reason for doing a certain deed. Lastly, vi rtue ethics bases morality off of virtuous character, and how a virtuous person would act given a certain predicament. Ultimately, consequentialism provides the

What is enlightenment Free Essays

If the mind actually makes perception, this brings about the question whether the outcome has anything to do with the world, or if so, what level. The response to the question, vague, confusing or unusual as it was, made for continuous trouble both in Kant’s idea and for a posterity trying to figure him out. To the point that knowledge fully depends on the organization of the mind and not on the world, knowledge would have no connection to the world and is not even true representation, just a solipsistic or intersubjective fantasy. We will write a custom essay sample on What is enlightenment? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kantianism looks threatened with the doctrine that we know in our own psychology, not external things. Kant said, in consistent with psychologism that we basically do not know about things as they exist apart from perception. At the same time Kant thought he was trying to defend both a scientific realism, where science really knows the world, and a moral realism, where there is objective moral obligation, for both of which a connection to external existence is essential for enlightenment. Kant believed that rational structure of the mind reflects the rational structure of the world, even of things-in-themselves that the operating system of the processor, through modern analogy, matched the operating system of reality. But Kant had no real argument for this, that is, the ideas of reason just become postulates of morality as well as his system leaves it as something which is unproved. The paradoxes of the efforts of Kant to reconcile some of his conflicting approaches and requirements made it very difficult for the philosophers who came later to take the overall system seriously. Nonetheless, Kant does all kinds of things that seem most appropriate for a non-reductionistic philosophical system and that later philosophy has had trouble doing at all. Kant was able to provide, in phenomenal reality, for a sphere for science that was distinct and separate from anything that would end up relating to enlightenment. The endless confusion as well as conflict which still results from people trying to figure out whether or enlightenment should fit together is fully avoided by Kant, who can say, for instance, that God and divine creation cannot be part of any truly scientific theory due to the fact both involve unconditioned realities, while science can only deal with conditioned realities. In the world, everything affects any other thing, but God is free of any external causal influences. At the same time, Kant can be a phenomenal determinist with science and yet simultaneously allow for freedom and that in a way that will not be entirely explicable to us, a virtue when the very idea of a rational and purposive freedom, and not just subjective choices, but also has involved obscurities that no one has been able to enlighten. Kant’s theory tries to prevent psychological explanations for behavior, however enlightening, being used to excuse moral responsibility and accountability. Thus, the disastrous childhood of the defendant, as much as it may be touching and understandable, cannot, to some extent, excuse crimes committed in full knowledge of their significance (Kant 94). The approach used by Kant is also of comparative interest because of the similar ancient Pastors philosophical distinction between conditioned realities, that mostly means that the world of experience, and unconditioned realities, which interestingly include, not only the sphere of salvation, but also space, which of course for Kant was a form imposed a priori on experience by the mind. The problems which must be sorted out with Kant are at the same time formidable. Most crucial is the confusion which results from Kant mixing together two entirely different theories in the Critique of Pure Reason. The first theory explains that the fundamental activity of the mind which is referred to as synthesis, is an activity of thought which applies certain concepts to a previously given perceptual datum from experience. How to cite What is enlightenment?, Papers

Describe Alpha Beta and Gamma Radiation - Solution is Just a Click Awa

Question: Explain the safety procedures followed when using alpha, beta and gamma radiation and X- rays. Answer: The safety procedures that can be considered when using X-rays, gamma, beta, and alpha radiation include Reduction of the exposure time: The external hazards of radiation can be minimized through the reduction of radionuclide handling, proper planning, and dry runs (Remenec, Dulansk and Mtel 2014). Increasing the distance: The distance between the radiation source and the operator or the patient can be reduced by using tools that have long handles in cases where there is intense radiation penetration. In addition, clamps and stands should be used for holding the radioactive radiations. Shielding: The rate of exposure to radiations can be reduced by shielding the source of the radiation. This can be achieved by scattering the radiation and keeping away from the edges of the shield. Additionally, for gamma emitters can be shielded using lead of appropriate thickness. Barium meal is a type of test conducted using a tube that runs from the mouth to the stomach to show the oesophagus. The organs that can be examined using barium meal include The duodenum The stomach The oesophagus In the case of the stomach, oesophagus, and duodenum, the barium meal is used because these organs have soft tissue structures that cannot be captured by using the ordinary X-ray. The barium meal is used for coating the inner lining of the three organs so that the radiologist has a clear view of them to monitor their functionality. In the case of the stomach, the radiologist gives the patient the barium meal mixed with water. The radiologist then takes the images of the stomach using the X-ray while the patient is lying down or standing. The X-rays images generated are projected on the TV monitor by the radiologist. Additionally, the patient is given any drug that produces effervescence to ensure that the stomach lining is clearly seen. The diagram below shows the image of the stomach using barium meal. Gamma rays can be used for imaging using a gamma camera technique that is capable of conducting a functional scan of the skeleton, kidneys, gallbladder, liver, lungs, thyroid, and brain (Iop.org, 2016). The gamma camera is capable of imaging the radiation by introducing a tracer such as technetium-99 into the body of the patient. The tracer has prolonged the half-life of 6 hours and is capable of mixing with several molecules with the aim of targeting the various body systems. As the tracer traverses the body, it emits radiation, and its movement is traced using a crystal capable of scintillating as it responds to the gamma rays. The radiation oncologist uses brachytherapy to treat and manage cancerous growths using ionizing radiation energy that can shrink or kill any cancerous tumour or malignant growth. The internal radiation therapy, also called brachytherapy, enables the radiation oncologist to employ radiation at a high total dose to kill the tumour or growth within a smaller area and within a shorter time as opposed to the external beam radiation therapy. The advantage of the internal radiation therapy is that it can be used to treat any cancerous growth throughout the body such as the skin, cervix, prostate, and breast among others. There are two methods of conducting the internal radiation therapy. The first method is called temporary brachytherapy whereby, a significantly radioactive material such as palladium, phosphorous, iodine, iridium, cesium, and radium is placed a slender tube or catheter in an area with cancerous growth within a specified period. The radioactive materials are dispensed at a high-dose rate (HDR) or low-dose-rate (LDR) (Rajekar, Bogammana and Stubbs 2011). The second method is called seed implantation or permanent brachytherapy. Under this method, radioactive pellets or seeds are permanently placed in or within the proximity to the cancerous growth. After some time, the level of radioactivity of the pellets or seeds diminishes and eventually stops. The seeds eventually become inactive and do not cause any harm to the body where they are. The only challenge is that the metal detectors at the security checkpoints can detect the pellets or seeds. Generation of technetium-99 Technetium-99 can be generated in a technetium generator by the disintegration of molybdenum-99 since it has a high affinity for alumina (aluminium oxide) as opposed to technetium does not. The figure below shows a technetium generator. The alumina/molybdenum capsule are injected with a saline solution through an elution process. Any technetium-99m produced is then drawn out. The capsule is put in the middle of the generator surrounded by a shielding material. The figure below shows the radioactivity of molybdenum-99 to form technetium-99. Uses of Technetium-99 The metastable isotope is used for the diagnosis of organs such as lungs, heart, kidney, and bones by scanning. It is also used in gamma imaging due to its emission of gamma rays that can easily be observed by the gamma camera It can be used in various tracer experiments and investigation involving organs such as brains, kidneys, among others. The iodine -131 is a radioactive material that can be used to treat thyroid cancerous growth as an unsealed radiation source (Green 2012, p. 63). In order to minimize the exposure of the radiation, the patients must be admitted for a period of 3 to 7 days in the hospital. The iodine-131 is used as an internal radiation therapy. Both the healthcare givers and the patients visitors are normally advised to minimize the amount of time spent with the patient since he/she is radioactive until the completion of the treatment process. Additionally, extra care must be observed during the disposal of the waste products of the patient since they are very radioactive. After a given period, the radiation level rapidly reduces until a specified time when the effects of the radiation are considered minimal. Ultrasound is any high-frequency vibration or sound wave used in the medical test for scanning and capturing internal body images live such as the lungs, kidney, and uterus. The method is non-invasive, convenient, fast, inexpensive, and less harmful. In ophthalmology, A-scan ultrasound is used for measuring the length from the retina to the cornea. B-scan ultrasound is used for providing the 2D cross-sectional images of the inner parts of the eye. A scan implies amplitude scan while B-scan implies brightness scan. More energy is needed for producing the desired brightness of the image. Similarly, a longer amplitude results to a brighter image while shorter amplitude generates black images. The figure below shows A scan and B scan. Kidney stones are examined using ultrasound by sending the non-invasive waves to the kidney to generate an image of the kidney that shows its blood flow, location, shape, and size. A transducer is used to send the waves at extremely high frequencies by placing it on the skin. The wave penetrates the skin but bounces back upon meeting the intended organ and registered as images on the computer. Sonogram or foetal ultrasound is a technique used to generate images of the foetus in the uterus using high-frequency sound waves (Quintela et al. 2012, p. 924). The procedure can estimate the date of pregnancy in the third trimester that can be used to estimate the delivery date. It does this by generating anatomic details of the foetus such as the length of the foetus. Through these details, the birth defects, foetal position, normality in growth can be determined. The Doppler ultrasound is also known as the duplex study that is aimed at showing the direction and speed of the blood flow in the chest. The major difference between the standard ultrasound and the Doppler sound is that in the case of standard ultrasound, the frequency of the wave is high so that no sound is produced as opposed to the Doppler ultrasound where the examination is audible. References Green, C., 2012. Technetium-99m production issues in the United Kingdom. J Med Phys, 37(2), p.66. Iop.org., 2016. Gamma cameras. [online] Available at: https://www.iop.org/education/teacher/resources/teaching-medical-physics/gamma/page_54689.html [Accessed 8 Jun. 2016]. Quintela, L., Barrio, M., Pea, A., Becerra, J., Cainzos, J., Herradn, P. and Daz, C., 2012. Use of Ultrasound in the Reproductive Management of Dairy Cattle. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 47, pp.34-44. Rajekar, H., Bogammana, K. and Stubbs, R., 2011. Selective Internal Radiation Therapy for Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumour Liver Metastases: A New and Effective Modality for Treatment. International Journal of Hepatology, 2011, pp.1-7. Remenec, B., Dulansk, S. and Mtel, ., 2014. Determination of alpha, beta, X-ray and gamma emitting radionuclides in reactor components and fuel assemblies from NPP V1 Jaslovske Bohunice. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 299(3), pp.1799-1804.